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The channels are the means used to
transmit the misinformation. Certain channels aim at the population as a
whole, while others target specific groups (Durandin,
1993). The channels which touch the population as a whole are: media of
masses (press, radio, films, televisions, etc), abstract communications
(rumour, conversation), organizations of masses (ONG, Community groups),
cultural event (festival, sports) or of the movements of mass (ecomovement, peaceful, etc). The channels which target
specific groups are specialized periodicals, professional organizations
(congress, etc), confidential alleged signs, influential people or agents
of influence (member of the services of information). The recipients can be
reached by several channels what increases the credibility of the
misinformation (Durandin, 1993).
While placing the psychological
actions on a continuum on the basis of an extreme communication
(propaganda) and other an extreme direct operation (active measurement).
The use of the media of masses at ends of misinformation transposes this
one to the limits of propaganda while the use of agent of influences to the
limits of active measurements. The media are considered by all the authors
a target of first choice for the misinformation with fine offensives or
defensives (Durandin, 1993; Volkoff,
1986; Montifroy, 1994). The use of journalists is
useful bus:
- they
always do not have time to check their sources because of the
extremely competitive medium of their employment,
- they
are easily influenceable (blackmail,
corruption),
- they
are credible and
- they have access to
vast means of diffusion (Durandin, 1993).
This
situation is clean companies allowing the freedom of _expression. The
companies not leaving this freedom to all fine practice are immunized against
the offensive misinformation (Volkoff, 1986).
The newspapers can be a means of
misinformation in times of peace is:
- by
imitating an existing newspaper containing of false news,
- by
creating or buying a newspaper in order to present its vision of the
things,
- by
subsidizing a newspaper secretly,
- by
using agents of influence on a journalist or
- via publi-propaganda paid in a newspaper with great
pulling (Durandin, 1993).
The waves radios are not subjected to the borders between
the states. The misinformation can be done:
- while
emitting starting from a radio station of another country,
- by
using a wave very close to an existing station or
- by buying an
existing radio in times of peace (Durandin,
1993).
In times
of war the radio can be used to demoralize the adversary
- by
giving him false bad news,
- by
exciting the enemies of our enemies or
- by giving true
information militarily tactical for then giving false information in
order to tighten a ambush (Durandin, 1993).
This type
of diffusion is associated black propaganda. No television set was so far
to consider black, on the other hand the contents of certain emissions
would have could be influenced by certain occult agents (Durandin, 1993).
The actor désinforme
in a newspaper or a radio is:
- by
presenting only false news for which the listener cannot check,
- while
selecting that new energy in the direction of its intentions,
- by
mixing true information and false information,
- in
"commenting on" true information,
- by
exposing true news with concrete evidence in a context which changes
the direction them,
- by
enlarging and disfiguring true information in order to cause strong
feelings among listeners,
- by
giving an unequal distribution length and quality of information,
- by
equipping information distorts with a real fact and
- by giving
information without conclusion so that the listener does itself the
conclusion which is essential (Durandin,
1993). Notice that certain journalists use these techniques to present
their points of view without that appearing.
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