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- INTRODUCTION - PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION - PROPAGANDA - Model of Tchakhotine - strategic Propaganda - tactical Propaganda - MISINFORMATION - signs - operations - channels - Objects of the misinformation - ACTIVE MEASUREMENTS - Assassination and intoxication - subversion - The PLANNING Of PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION - CONCLUSION - BIBLIOGRAPHY - APPENDIX 1

The PLANNING Of PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION Planning is an essential aspect of any psychological action. The actions must have precise objectives. The next section approaches the methods of planning of propaganda and misinformation, the measures of effectiveness of propaganda and the factors to be considered during the development of propaganda and misinformation. None the sources consulted spoke about planning about active measurements. The first stage with any psychological action is the search for information (McLaurin, 1982). This one can be done thanks to techniques of search for market (opinion poll, etc), interview, interrogation or analysis of contents of documents. These techniques can come from varied sources of information: human information (prisoner of war, civil enemy or combined, taken refuge), electronic information (electronic listening, interception of data-processing data), captured documents, experts or by a review of literature (report/ratio of information, périodique/livres, enemy propaganda, media of mass, special studies) (McLaurin, 1982). The search for information aims to: 1 to define the key audiences in a population, 2 to evaluate the attitudes and the motivations of people, 3 to analyze the specific vulnerabilities of audience and 4 to determine the best means of achieving its goals (McLaurin, 1982). The second stage of a propaganda consists in choosing the contents of the message, the means of communication and the techniques used according to the objectives, situation and targeted audience (McLaurin, 1982). It is significant that the contents of the message are coherent with what people believe (Lerner, 1972). The third stage consists in planning logistics necessary and transmitting propaganda (McLaurin, 1982). The propagandist must take account of several factors to work out his message. This last must: 1 to draw the attention, 2 to be comprehensible by the target, 3 not to offend it, 4 to activate individual and fundamental needs and 5 to propose a response for a community because the behaviors are strongly influenced by its role and its group of pars (McLaurin, 1982). The factors of persuasion are the same ones as in publicity: 1 the source must be credible, prestigious and/or similar to the target, 2 the contents depend on the objectives, but it must be similar to the attitudes of the target, 3 in a general way, the masses media are more effective and 4 the target audience must be that adopting the the least pronounced attitudes (Bloom, 1991; McLaurin, 1982). To be able to make a misinformation, it is necessary first of all that the information obtained shows that the targets are likely has to be affected by a misinformation. This susceptibility comes from: 1 a target ready to be deformed, 2 a state of mind in the population or in the leaders such as it will accept the misinformation like legitimate, 3 a misinformation which must correspond with their preconception of reality or their mode, 4 to have channels of credible misinformation and established well and 5 the target must be convinced that the desinformator cannot reach it (Montifroy, 1994). For the Czechoslovakian services of misinformations (Bittman; Volkoff, 1986), after the collection of information, the agents showed proposals for misinformations. The best proposals were selected according to the long-term objectives and were forwarded by: intelligence agents, double agents, ideological collaborators having influential stations or by delivered material in an anonymous way. The last stage consists in measuring the effects of an action (McLaurin, 1982). The same sources of information are necessary as during the first stage. In times of peace, market research is simple to carry out because they are made without fear of governmental control (Durandin, 1993). In times of war, the situation becomes more complex to evaluate and several questions arise. Which criterion to use to measure the effect of a psychological action, how to measure it and how to reach the targeted audience (McLaurin, 1982)? The problem becomes even more obscure when one touches with military propaganda. The nature even of the war prevents from saying if the effects observed are had with propaganda or quite simply with the military action (McLaurin, 1982). The prisoners of war are often hostile and refuse to answer investigations into the effectiveness of a propaganda. McLaurin (1982) proposes that the propagandist integrates a "double agent" inside the prisoners to have more valid information. Two other methods are also proposed: to interview à.fond more a very small group of individuals resembling the target population or, to question a qualified "judge" who knows well the population and the target culture. It should be noted that these two last methods comprise skews. The effects of propaganda in times of war can be evaluated in a quantitative or qualitative way (McLaurin, 1982). Examples of quantitative criterion are: the number of prisoners of war, the number of deserters, time to carry out a recall of propaganda, a survey distributed to the prisoners and the number of lampoons or hours of diffusion carried out. The analysis of contents of the enemy communications, the interviews, the interrogations or the analysis of the letters of the prisoners are examples of qualitative criteria.

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- INTRODUCTION - PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION - PROPAGANDA - Model of Tchakhotine - strategic Propaganda - tactical Propaganda - MISINFORMATION - signs - operations - channels - Objects of the misinformation - ACTIVE MEASUREMENTS - Assassination and intoxication - subversion - The PLANNING Of PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION - CONCLUSION - BIBLIOGRAPHY - APPENDIX 1

CONCLUSION The ways of influencing the adversaries without using military forces if did not change since Sun Tzu. the psychological action remains an alternative for the trying states to impose itself in international relation that it is by the use of propaganda, the misinformation or active measurements. Appendix 1 synthesizes the principal techniques of each of the three categories according to their nature is offensive or defensive and according to whether it is addressed to an elite, to the population, to the soldiers or influential groupes/individus. Bloom (1991) notices that the psychological actions is a subject difficult to analyze because it is difficult to identify clearly because of its clandestine nature. According to him, the author who approaches it presents their moral judgement rather that a luggage of knowledge. Moreover, the rigorous analysis of this phenomenon are seldom published in civil periodical. If there is systematic research on a form of psychological action, the results are kept signal-secrecy. The arrival of data processing enormously offers new possibility to the psychological actions. While leaving with the premise which information became a source of power and which we became completely depend on the information processing systems, Schwartau (1993) described a new way of making the war, the infoguerre. They are all forms of actions taken to have an informational superiority is by affecting unfavourable information, the processes based on information or the information processing systems (Schwartau, 1993). All its work present of new techniques of misinformation and active measurements clean at the crisis which the explosion of information technologies generates. Measurement activates primary of its work is the data-processing hacking which can be used at ends of sabotage, criminality or search for confidential information. Moreover, because people believe that a computer is a tool which cannot be mistaken, the motorway of information becomes an excellent place to make a misinformation in order to break the reputation of an individual by modifying certain little protected confidential files (credit, legal file, etc). "the effective use of the means of communication generally constitutes a central element for propaganda and the misinformation. The development of world data-processing networks amplifies by its scale, by its power like by the current absence of any international legislation, the capacity of diffusion of any form of propagande/desinformation but it is also a line of defence against those by leaving with a whole a possibility of being expressed "(propaganda, article of Inserted; Microsoft, 1997) This work put the emphase on the governmental actions, but a private company can completely use some of these techniques. Certain forms of publicity approach propaganda because they do not aim at encouraging an individual to buy a product but to make perceive with the population which their actions are for the wellbeing of all. In addition, the scientific misinformation can prevent a competitor from making research on certain grounds. A speculator can start from false rumours or make jump of the bombs to try cause a drop in a title with the purse. Moreover, the new weapons of the infoguerre offer good means of actions direct for a company (industrial espionage, data-processing sabotage, etc). As Bloom (1991) affirms it "Influence techniques will Be perceived have more significant by all who seek power. With worldwide increases in interdependence, communications technology, and the lethality and sophistication of let us weapons, propaganda and activates cost-effective measure will become more and even more morally appealing "(p.708).

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- INTRODUCTION - PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION - PROPAGANDA - Model of Tchakhotine - strategic Propaganda - tactical Propaganda - MISINFORMATION - signs - operations - channels - Objects of the misinformation - ACTIVE MEASUREMENTS - Assassination and intoxication - subversion - The PLANNING Of PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION - CONCLUSION - BIBLIOGRAPHY - APPENDIX 1

BIBLIOGRAPHY ALMEIDA, F, D., Images and Propaganda: xxe Century, Firenze, Casterman-Giunti Gruppo Editorale, 192 p. BLOOM, W, R., Propaganda and Activate Measure; chapter of the book of GAL, R. & MANGELSDORFF, A., D., Handbook of Military Psychology, New York, Jonh Wiley & Ltd Sounds, p 694-709. DELAUNAY, J, the lightning and cancer: vis-a-vis the atom and with subversion the war is gained in times of peace. Paris, Editions Pygmalion/Gérard Watelet, 1985, 247 p. DURANDIN, G, information, misinformation and reality, Paris, university Presses of France, 1993, 296p. JOWETT, G, S., Propaganda and communication: The Re-emergence of has research tradition, Journal of communication, Winter 1987, p. 97-114 LERNER, Daniel, Propaganda in war and crisis, New York, Arno Press, 1972, 500 p. LINEBARGER, Paul, Psychological warfare, New York, Arno Press, 1972, 318 p. McCORMACK, Thelma, Studies in communication: The discourses of war and peace, London, Jai Press Inc, 1995, 214 p. McLAURIN, Ron, Military propaganda: Psychological warfare and operation, New York, Praeger Publishers, 1982, 379 p. MICROSOFT, Propaganda, article in the Encyclopaedia Inserted, 1997 MONTIFROY, G A., Geopolitics International, Montreal, science and culture, 1994, 292 p. RAKOS, R., F, Propaganda have stimulus control: The puts of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, Behavior and social exits, flight 3, 1993, p. 35-61. SCHWARTAU, W, (1994), Chaos one the Electronic Superhighway: Information Warfare, Thunder' S Mouth Press, New York, 432 p. TOFFLER, A.; TOFFLER, H., War and counter war: to survive at the dawn of XXIe century, Paris, Beech, 1994. VOLKOFF, V, the misinformation arms with war, Édition Julliard/L' Age of man, 1986, 275 p. WATSON, Peter, War one the mind: The military use and deceive of psychology, New York, Basics Books, 1978, 533 p.

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- INTRODUCTION
- PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION

- PROPAGANDA
- Model of Tchakhotine
- strategic Propaganda
- tactical Propaganda

- MISINFORMATION
- signs
- operations
- channels
- Objects of the misinformation

- ACTIVE MEASUREMENTS
- Assassination and intoxication
- subversion

- The PLANNING Of PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION
- CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- APPENDIX 1

MODELES

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	Offensive actions	Defensive actions
Targeted elite	Intoxication Blackmail Scientific assassination of elite Double language False documents	Against espionage
Against targeted elite	Subversion Terrorist assassination False documents	Against guerrilla False documents
Targeted population	Specialized misinformation Double language Black propaganda (to lower the moral one) White propaganda tactic (to avoid loss of civil) strategic (in times of peace) Interpersonal persuasion	Surprésentation White propaganda (to keep the moral one) Double language Assassination to maintain the capacity
Targeted soldier	Tactical propaganda Black propaganda (to lower the moral one)	White propaganda (to keep the moral one) Black propaganda (to instigate hatred)

To note: the misinformation can be integrated in all these categories