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- INTRODUCTION
- PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION

- PROPAGANDA
- Model of Tchakhotine
- strategic Propaganda
- tactical Propaganda

- MISINFORMATION
- signs
- operations
- channels
- Objects of the misinformation

- ACTIVE MEASUREMENTS
- Assassination and intoxication
- subversion

- The PLANNING Of PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION
- CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- APPENDIX 1

Acceuil


ACTIVE MEASUREMENTS


Active measurements include/understand all direct operations aiming at influencing the receivers (Bloom, 1991). They usually clandestine and are carried out by services of information (Bloom, 1991). These measurements can be assassinations, coercive diplomacy, sexual blackmail on the foreign elite, of terrorism, the financial support of political parties apart from the country, of infiltration of organization of masses, formation of specialists (guérilla/antiguérrilla), sabotage or international assistance (Bloom, 1991).

Several of these actions are very coercive by nature (for example an assassination) and are in extreme cases of the use of the military force and the psychological action. These measurements are included as psychological actions because they aim at a modification of behaviors on behalf of the target (individual or group) and not its pure and hard destruction. The assassination of a journalist in a country is made to prevent that the journalists speak about an event under penalty of dead and not with an aim which it stops writing. The assassination is not addressed to the victim but to all those which are similar to it. It is wise to note that these more coercive measurements are the fruits of states not being democratic.

Several of these actions are supported by the misinformation (to hide the source of the actions or the traces), on the other hand, active measurements do not use obligatorily the lie. The assassination of a journalist for not that the others speak does not contain misinformation insofar as the state does not hide the source of its actions. An assassination on a journalist in another country, that the instigators declare coming from another group contains misinformation.




 

attention-span.net











- INTRODUCTION
- PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION

- PROPAGANDA
- Model of Tchakhotine
- strategic Propaganda
- tactical Propaganda

- MISINFORMATION
- signs
- operations
- channels
- Objects of the misinformation

- ACTIVE MEASUREMENTS
- Assassination and intoxication
- subversion

- The PLANNING Of PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION
- CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- APPENDIX 1

Acceuil


Assassination At intoxication


Assassination
An assassination as measures activates can be used for:

  1. to reinforce the perception of the military capacities and the political good-will of a paramilitary group or rebel,
  2. clandestinely to kill some of its allies for then publicly condemning the "massacres" of its adversary and thus taking political capital,
  3. to induce the fear with a scientific or corporative elite to prevent them from collaborating with the adversary,
  4. to assassinate media in order to force the other journalists not to tackle a question of the problem and
  5. in a dictatorship, to use the assassination to instigate the fear and to maintain the capacity (Bloom, 1991).

Intoxication
The intoxication (or tactical misinformation) is another form of active measurement which consists in establishing false information in the services of enemy information via a intoxicator (generally a double agent) (Volkoff, 1986). This measurement consists in making believe in the enemy leaders what it would be necessary that it believes to run to its loss is on the political level or the military level (Durandin, 1993). The most effective intoxication was made by the Nazis towards Stalin (Durandin, 1993) before the second large war, while letting to him believe that the majority of the Russian staff conspired against him. More than 80 % Russian graded tops were shot before the war.




 

attention-span.net











- INTRODUCTION
- PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION

- PROPAGANDA
- Model of Tchakhotine
- strategic Propaganda
- tactical Propaganda

- MISINFORMATION
- signs
- operations
- channels
- Objects of the misinformation

- ACTIVE MEASUREMENTS
- Assassination and intoxication
- subversion

- The PLANNING Of PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTION
- CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- APPENDIX 1

Acceuil


Subversion


Subversion is an action which gathers the whole of the psychological means having for goal discredit and the fall of the capacity established on politically or militarily coveted territories (Volkoff, 1986; Durandin, 1993). It aims at causing a process of degeneration of the authority while a group eager to seize the power begins in a "revolutionary" war (Mucchieli, to see Volkoff, 1986). A state can use subversion in order to create chaos in a foreign country is for political or military reasons. It is the base of terrorism and the guerrilla.

The objectives of subversion are: 1-to demoralize the population and to disintegrate the groups which make it up, 2 discredited the authority and 3 to neutralize the masses to prevent any general intervention in favour of the established order (Mucchieli, to see Volkoff, 1986). Subversion uses the media of masses to handle the public opinion via "publicity" that the news grants to him after spectacular actions (Mucchieli, to see Volkoff, 1986). This publicity occurs because it causes at the listener a change perceptuel towards the antagonists like a form of identification with the aggressor (Mucchieli, to see Volkoff, 1986). The authorities are perceived increasingly weak and irresponsible, while the agents of subversion appear more powerful and more convinced of their cause (Mucchieli, to see Volkoff, 1986). The public opinion will waver one day on the side of the subversive agents. Without forgetting that the subversive groups can use the misinformation and propaganda in the newspapers and the radios their pertaining to reinforce the handling of the public opinion.

Moreover, to reach key groups, the subversive agents can use several techniques in addition to the handling of the media of mass: 1 to intensify the legitimate claims, the needs or the ideology of the indicated groups, 2 to force under groups being presented in the form of a champion of the interests of the group (model) to make direct actions, 3 mobilization of the group if there is attack perpetrated against a member of the group and finally, 4 the technique provoquation-repression-call with the unit against repression (Mucchieli, to see Volkoff, 1986). This last technique is done in four times: 1 act of armed robbery to force the authority to be repressive, 2 repression of the authority which the actor must make perceive like a collective threat for the group, 3 increased the level of violence of the actions in order to increase repression in a circular way and 4 call to the common face against repression by making feel guilty the authority and by justifying the acts of armed robberies of the departure (Mucchieli, to see Volkoff, 1986).